But over the same period, expenditure at casinos declined by more than 35% nationally, and by 42% in New South Wales. This segment has clearly emerged as the second-biggest gambling market in the country, with gambling expenditure of $8.4 billion. Between 2018–19 and 2022–23, before and after pandemic restrictions were in place, total Australian gambling expenditure (in other words, gamblers’ losses) grew by 6.8% in real terms (adjusted for inflation).